Cervical cancer is a worrying disease that affects thousands of women around the world, but with proper awareness and accurate information, it is possible to reduce its impact on women's health. In this comprehensive article, we will dive deep into the aspects related to cervical cancer, from the initial symptoms to the available treatment options, through the underlying causes and the very fundamental prevention measures to ensure a better quality of life, especially for women. Let's explore in detail the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies associated with this disease.
SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL CANCER
Early in the development of cervical cancer, there are often no obvious symptoms, which highlights the importance of routine screening for early detection. Symptoms may manifest:
- Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: One of the most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which can occur between menstrual periods, after intercourse, after menopause, or be heavier and longer than usual during the menstrual cycle.
- Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: Cervical cancer can cause an abnormal vaginal discharge, which may be watery, have a different color, contain blood or have an unpleasant odor.
- Pelvic Pain and Discomfort: As the tumor grows, a woman may experience persistent pelvic pain and discomfort during intercourse.
- Changes in Urinary or Bowel Pattern: Advanced cervical cancer can put pressure on the bladder or bowel, causing changes in the urinary or bowel pattern.
CAUSES OF CERVICAL CANCER
Cervical cancer is intrinsically related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through sexual contact. There are over 100 types of HPV, and some high-risk strains are more likely to lead to the development of cervical cancer. In addition to HPV, other factors can contribute to the onset of the disease:
- Smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer, as the chemicals found in tobacco can damage cells in the cervix.
- Weakened Immunity: Women with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had organ transplants, are more susceptible to developing cervical cancer.
- Prolonged Use of Oral Contraceptives: Some studies suggest a possible relationship between long-term use of oral contraceptives and increased risk of cervical cancer. However, the precise link between the two is still not fully understood.
- Family History: Having close relatives who have had cervical cancer may slightly increase your risk of developing the disease.
DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER
Early diagnosis of cervical cancer is critical to successful treatment. Several methods are used to identify and confirm the presence of the disease:
- Pap smear: This procedure is an essential screening tool that collects cells from the cervix to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. The Pap smear test is regularly recommended for women between the ages of 21 and 65.
- HPV Tests: Can be performed in conjunction with a Pap smear to check for specific high-risk HPV types. These tests can help identify women who are more likely to develop cervical cancer.
- Colposcopy: If the result of the Pap smear or the HPV test is abnormal, a colposcopy can be performed. This procedure allows the doctor to view the enlarged cervix, helping to identify suspicious areas that require biopsies for more detailed analysis.
- Biopsy: If the colposcopy reveals abnormal areas, the doctor may perform a biopsy, removing a small amount of tissue from the cervix for laboratory testing. This analysis will confirm or rule out the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
CERVICAL CANCER TREATMENT
Treatment of cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's general health. Therapeutic options include:
- Surgery: In early stages, when the cancer is restricted to the cervix, surgical removal of the affected tissue can be chosen. Surgery may involve procedures such as conization, partial or total hysterectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy.
- Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy uses beams of radiation to destroy cancer cells or shrink the tumor.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to fight cancer cells. It can be given alone or in combination with radiotherapy.
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies are drugs that specifically target certain proteins present in cancer cells to inhibit their growth and spread.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is an approach that stimulates the patient's own immune system to recognize and fight cancer cells.
It is important to emphasize that the treatment may vary according to the individual characteristics of each patient and the evolution of the disease, and, therefore, must be carefully planned by a specialized medical team.
CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION
Prevention is an essential part of the fight against cervical cancer. Some measures can be adopted to reduce the risk of developing the disease:
- HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is a crucial preventive strategy. It is recommended for adolescent girls and boys, preferably before the onset of sexual activity, to prevent infection with certain high-risk types of HPV.
- Routine Exams: Performing Pap smears and HPV tests regularly is essential for the early detection of any cervical alterations. Regular medical appointments and follow-up with a healthcare professional are essential.
- Safe Sex Practices: Reducing the number of sexual partners and using condoms during sexual activity can help lower the risk of contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
- No Smoking: Quitting smoking is beneficial not only for general health but also for cervical cancer prevention.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, with a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help strengthen the immune system and reduce the risk of various diseases, including cervical cancer.
CONCLUSION
Cervical cancer is a serious disease, but with adequate knowledge and awareness, combined with preventive measures and early diagnosis, it is possible to significantly reduce its incidence and impact on women's health. It is essential that women are informed about symptoms and risk factors, in addition to participating in screening programs and regular consultations with health professionals. Prevention, early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential pillars in the fight against cervical cancer, aiming to protect the health and well-being of women around the world.
