Although colon cancer is the most common type of cancer that affects the colon, there are other less frequent types.
- Carcinoid tumors: These tumors originate from cells in the intestine that produce specific hormones. Although they can develop in different parts of the digestive tract, they are rare in the colon.
- Stromal tumors (GIST): These tumors start in specific cells called interstitials of Cajal , present in the wall of the intestine. Although they can spread to different areas of the digestive tract, they are less common in the colon.
- Lymphomas: Lymphomas affect lymph cells, including the lymph nodes . Although it is more common to occur in other parts of the body, it can also originate in the colon, rectum or other organs.
- Sarcomas: These tumors originate from the blood vessels, muscle or connective tissue present in the wall of the colon and rectum. However, tumors located specifically in the colon or rectum are rare.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary, and in some cases, the disease may be asymptomatic initially. However, symptoms can include:
- 1. Changes in bowel function: Persistent diarrhea, constipation or alternation between the two.
- 2. Abdominal swelling: Sensation of bloating or unexplained abdominal distention.
- 3. Presence of mass in the abdomen: It can be felt when touching the abdomen.
- 4. Abdominal Cramps: Persistent abdominal pain, often accompanied by discomfort.
- 5. Abdominal pain or discomfort: Sensations of pain, discomfort or pressure in the abdominal area.
- 6. Changes in Stool Appearance: Thin or narrow stools, sometimes described as stringy.
- 7. Blood in the stool: Presence of bright red blood in the stool, rectal bleeding, or dark, tarry stool.
- 8. Sensation of heaviness in the anus: The persistent feeling of not having completely emptied the bowel after a bowel movement.
- 9. Anemia: Reduced levels of hemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to weakness and fatigue.
- 10. Tiredness and fatigue: Constant feeling of tiredness and lack of energy.
- 11. Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss, even without changes in diet or physical activity.
Importantly, these symptoms are not unique to colorectal cancer and may be related to other health conditions. It is critical to see a doctor for proper evaluation if you experience these symptoms or are concerned about the health of your colon.
CAUSES
Correct, most colorectal cancers are considered sporadic, meaning they don't have a known specific cause, but are associated with environmental and behavioral factors.
- 1. Obesity or overweight: Excess weight, especially when located in the abdominal area, is associated with a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer .
- 2. Diet rich in red meats and processed meats: Regular and excessive consumption of red meats (such as beef, pork and lamb) and processed meats (such as bacon, ham, sausage and sausage) has been associated with a higher risk of cancer colorectal . It is recommended to limit the consumption of these foods and opt for healthier protein sources such as fish, poultry, legumes and nuts.
- 3. Low fiber diet: A diet low in fiber, especially from fruits, vegetables and whole grains, can increase the risk of colorectal cancer . Fiber plays an important role in gut health and cancer prevention.
- 4. Excessive alcohol consumption: Regular and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages has been linked to a higher risk of colorectal cancer . It is recommended to limit alcohol consumption or avoid it altogether.
- 5. Smoking: Smoking is linked to several types of cancer, including colorectal cancer . Quitting smoking reduces the risk of not only this disease, but several other health conditions.
- 6. Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of regular physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer . It is important to incorporate physical exercise into your daily routine and maintain an active lifestyle.
While these risk factors can make you more likely to develop colorectal cancer , it's important to note that not everyone with these factors will develop the disease. Additionally, individuals with no known risk factors may also develop colorectal cancer . Therefore, it is essential to adopt a healthy lifestyle and perform screening tests regularly, in accordance with medical recommendations.
DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of colorectal cancer is crucial to determine the best treatment plan and improve the chances of cure. Due to symptoms similar to other intestinal conditions and the possibility of being asymptomatic, the diagnosis depends on the performance of a series of tests recommended by the doctor.
It is important to note that early cases of colorectal cancer can start with non-cancerous polyps, which usually do not have symptoms. These polyps can be detected through screening tests, hence the importance of performing these tests, especially for people with risk factors or over 50 years old.
- 1. Proctologist: Specialized in the treatment of disorders of the rectum, anus and colon, the proctologist plays a key role in carrying out diagnostic tests, such as colonoscopy.
- 2. Oncologist: Specialist in cancer treatment, the oncologist is responsible for assessing the stage of the disease, discussing treatment options and accompanying the patient throughout the process.
- 3. Gastroenterologist: With a focus on the digestive system and the diseases that affect the organs involved, the gastroenterologist can assist in the initial diagnosis and referral to other specialists, in addition to offering support during treatment.
- 4. Surgeon: When surgery is indicated to treat colorectal cancer , the surgeon plays a key role in removing the tumor and rebuilding the digestive system, if necessary.
These specialists work together to provide an accurate diagnosis and define the best treatment plan for each patient, taking into account the stage of the cancer and individual needs.
TREATMENT
colorectal cancer is individualized and depends on several factors, such as the location, stage of the disease and the general condition of the patient. The main types of treatment include:
- 1. Surgery: Surgery is commonly performed to remove the tumor and any surrounding affected tissue. Depending on the extent of the cancer, it may involve partial removal of the colon or rectum (colectomy or rectosigmoidectomy ) or even a colostomy, which is the creation of an opening in the abdomen for stool to exit.
- 2. Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. It may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
- 3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to fight cancer cells throughout the body. It is often used in conjunction with surgery and/or radiotherapy to increase the chances of a cure and prevent the cancer from recurring. Newer targeted therapies are also available to specifically target colorectal cancer .
- 4. Targeted therapy: Some types of colorectal cancer can be treated with drugs that specifically target the genetic changes present in cancer cells. These drugs are intended to block the growth and spread of the tumor.
- 5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a treatment approach that stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It can be used in selected cases of advanced colorectal cancer .
Colorectal cancer treatment is often a combination of these modalities, and the treatment plan is individualized for each patient, taking into account their specific condition. The specialist physician, like the oncologist, will work together with the multidisciplinary team to determine the best therapeutic approach.
PREVENTION
Colorectal cancer prevention involves adopting healthy habits and reducing risk factors.
- 1. Healthy Diet: Consuming a diet rich in plant fiber, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes can help prevent colorectal cancer . It is recommended to limit the consumption of red and processed meat, opting for lean protein sources and vegetable substitutes. Avoiding excessive consumption of saturated fats and ultra-processed foods is also beneficial.
- 2. Regular physical activity: Regular practice of physical exercises, such as walking, running, swimming or any other aerobic activity, can help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer .
- 3. Maintaining a healthy body weight: Overweight and obesity are associated with a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer . Therefore, it is important to adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and regular exercise to maintain an adequate weight.
- 4. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Smoking and regular and excessive alcohol consumption are related to increased risk of colorectal cancer . Therefore, it is advisable to avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
- 5. Regular screening: Screening for colorectal cancer is essential for early detection of the disease. Talk to your doctor about recommended screening tests for your age group and risk factors. Colonoscopy is usually indicated starting at age 50, but may be recommended earlier for people with a family history or other risk factors.
Remember that colorectal cancer prevention involves combining several healthy measures and adopting a balanced lifestyle. It is important to consult your doctor regularly and follow his specific guidelines to prevent and detect this disease early.
