EYE CANCER

Eye cancer, also known as ocular cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the tissues of the eye. There are different types of eye cancer, with uveal melanoma being the most common. This type of cancer occurs in the pigment-producing cells of the middle layer of the eye, known as the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

In addition to uveal melanoma, other types of eye cancer can develop, such as squamous cell carcinoma, ocular lymphoma and retinoblastoma, which is a type of cancer that mainly affects children.

Eye cancer can manifest itself in different ways and may not show symptoms at an early stage. Therefore, it is essential to carry out regular ophthalmological examinations to identify any alteration in the ocular tissues at an early stage.

Treatment for eye cancer may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Early detection and proper treatment can increase the chances of success in fighting eye cancer and preserve the patient's vision and eye health.

SYMPTOMS

Eye cancer usually has no symptoms, especially in its early stages. Therefore, it is essential to have regular consultations with an ophthalmologist to carry out routine examinations and detect any problem early, thus preventing the progression of the disease.

When the cancer is already more advanced, some characteristic signs begin to manifest, such as:

• Sensation of pain in the region, especially when the tumor begins to grow outside the eyeball;
• Presence of black or dark spots on the iris;
• Occurrence of blurred vision, such as dots or flashes of light perceived by the patient;
• Sensation of shadows in vision;
• Vision problems and difficulty seeing properly;
• Complete loss of vision;
• Loss of part of the visual field;
• Change in the shape or size of the pupil.

CAUSES

The exact causes of eye cancer are not known, but there are risk factors that can increase the chances of developing the disease. These factors include:

1. Exposure to sunlight: Prolonged and intense exposure to sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) rays, can be a risk factor for eye cancer. Wearing sunglasses and proper protection when out in the sun can help reduce this risk.
2. Skin color: Patients with fair skin are more likely to develop eye cancer compared to people with darker skin. This is due to less protective pigment in the skin and eyes.
3. Eye Color: Individuals with light eyes, such as blue or green, have a slightly higher risk of developing eye cancer compared to those who have darker eyes, such as brown.
4. Age: The risk of eye cancer increases with advancing age.
5. Moles or moles in the eye: The presence of moles or moles in the eye area can increase the risk of developing certain types of eye cancer, such as uveal melanoma.
6. Family history: Having family members with a history of eye cancer can increase the likelihood of developing the disease.

DIAGNOSIS

The diagnosis of eye cancer involves a series of exams and clinical evaluations. The most important points are:

1. Routine and specific exams: The diagnosis of eye cancer is usually made through routine and specific exams, such as retinal mapping (fundoscopy) and gonioscopy. These tests provide detailed information for your doctor to review and help you make a more accurate diagnosis.
2. Evaluation of characteristic symptoms: The ophthalmologist looks for characteristic symptoms during the consultation, such as pain in the eye area, blurred vision, vision problems and changes in the shape or size of the pupil. These symptoms may indicate the presence of eye cancer.
3. Clinical examination: During the clinical examination, the doctor evaluates the ability to see, eye movement, and the dilation of blood vessels on the surface of the eyes. This information helps in the diagnosis of eye cancer.
4. Pupil Dilation: In some cases, it may be necessary to dilate the patient's pupil to allow for a more detailed examination of the inside of the eye.
5. Analysis of the results and determination of the treatment: Based on the results of the tests and the evaluation of the individual case, including the location of the tumor, the stage of the disease, the patient's health and the chances of cure, the doctor will indicate the best treatment. Treatment options include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, laser therapy, immunotherapy, brachytherapy, targeted therapy, surgery and, in more severe cases, removal of the affected eyeball.

TREATMENT

Treatment of eye cancer depends on several factors, such as the type and stage of the cancer, the location of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include:

1. Tumor size and location: The type of treatment varies according to the size and location of the tumor in the eye, as well as the presence or absence of metastasis.
2. Small or Medium Tumors: For tumors that are small or medium in size, treatment options usually include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy. These approaches aim to destroy or reduce tumor growth.
3. Large tumors: When the eye tumor is large, surgery may be needed to remove the tumor and surrounding tissues. The goal is to eliminate the cancer and prevent its spread.
4. Enucleation: In certain cases, when other treatments have not been effective or when there is a high risk of metastasis, complete removal of the eye may be necessary. This procedure is called enucleation. However, it is an aggressive option and is generally considered a last resort.

It is important to emphasize that the treatment of eye cancer is personalized and must be determined by a specialized ophthalmologist, taking into account the stage of the disease, the location of the tumor and the general health of the patient.

FOLLOW-UP AFTER TREATMENT

Regular follow-up appointments: It is important to follow the follow-up plan recommended by your ophthalmologist after treatment for eye cancer. This may include regular check-ups to monitor eye health and catch any possible recurrences or complications.

1. Periodic eye exams: During follow-up visits, the doctor will perform specific eye exams, such as retinal mapping, gonioscopy, and imaging tests, to assess ocular health and detect any changes.
2. Vision tests and functional assessment: In addition to eye exams, the doctor may order vision tests, such as visual acuity, visual field, and contrast sensitivity, to monitor visual function and detect possible changes.
3. Monitoring of possible side effects: Depending on the type of treatment performed, ocular or systemic side effects may occur. During follow-up, the doctor will monitor these effects and provide appropriate treatments or interventions if necessary.
4. Education and Counseling: During follow-up appointments, your doctor can provide additional information about eye care, prevention measures, and lifestyle changes that may be beneficial to your long-term eye health.
5. Watch for signs of recurrence: It is important to be aware of any signs or symptoms that may indicate a possible recurrence of eye cancer, such as changes in vision, persistent pain or the appearance of new symptoms. If they occur, it is necessary to immediately inform the doctor for a more detailed evaluation.
6. Emotional and psychological support: Follow-up after eye cancer treatment can also include emotional and psychological support to deal with the emotional aspects of diagnosis and treatment. This may involve involving specialist professionals or support groups.

It is critical to follow all doctor's recommendations and attend follow-up appointments to ensure early detection of any changes or recurrences and to properly care for your eye health after eye cancer treatment.

PREVENTION

1. Protect your eyes from sun exposure: Wear sunglasses that offer protection from ultraviolet (UV) rays and wear wide-brimmed hats to protect your eyes from direct sunlight.
2. Use adequate protection during outdoor activities: When playing sports or performing outdoor activities, wear protective eyewear or glasses with appropriate lenses to avoid eye injuries that can lead to the development of eye cancer.
3. Have regular eye exams: Periodic consultations with an ophthalmologist are essential to identify any changes in the eyes and early diagnose possible problems, including eye cancer. Follow the professional's recommendations on the frequency of examinations.
4. Have a healthy diet: Maintain a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, greens and antioxidant foods, which can help protect the eyes against cellular damage.
5. Avoid smoking: Smoking is associated with a higher risk of developing eye cancer. Therefore, avoid smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
6. Protect yourself from toxic substances: Avoid prolonged contact with irritating or toxic chemicals, such as certain solvents and industrial chemicals, which can increase your risk of eye cancer.
7. Know your family history: If there are cases of eye cancer in the family, tell the eye doctor. Some forms of eye cancer have a genetic predisposition, and knowing your family history can help determine whether you need additional testing.
8. Look out for the warning signs: Look out for any unusual eye symptoms, such as blurred vision, spots or flashes of light, vision changes, or persistent eye pain. If you notice anything out of the ordinary, consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation.

Remember that prevention is key to maintaining eye health. Taking preventive measures and having regular eye exams are important steps to reduce your risk of eye cancer and maintain healthy vision.